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SEE सहयोग सामग्री

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Importance of Discipline

Discipline is the process of training oneself in obedience, self control, skill, etc. The controlled, ordered behaviour results from such training. Discipline is the basis of the whole universe.
Discipline should be inculcated from a very young age. Talent and genius alone are not enough to achieve success. Discipline has an equally important role to play. Talents blossom in a disciplined person.
Discipline is not only desirable but indispensable. Wherever discipline and regulation of human conduct are absent, moral and material deterioration has set in. Absence of discipline means decay. To prevent decay, discipline has to be imposed in the common interest and for the common good.
The importance of discipline in educational institutions is well recognized. There should be a proper balance between discipline and the freedom of the students. The educational institutions should have a peaceful and calm atmosphere to enable the students to acquire knowledge. There is growing discontentment among the students. Because of this discontentment, we notice that discipline in our schools and colleges has considerably declined. Students are disrespectful to their teachers. They misbehave in the classrooms. They organize strikes and take the law into their hands. The government as well as the educational authorities should undertake necessary steps to improve the atmosphere in the educational institutions.
Discipline in schools may reduce the violence and vandalism and help the students to focus better on their studies and career. Discipline is important even in the family. Parents must raise their children in a pleasant and disciplined atmosphere. They should teach them the right values. They should themselves lead an orderly life so that their children can learn from their example. Children growing in disciplined and happy homes become responsible adults.
The strength of nations lies in discipline. Discipline helps the nation to make progress, fight external invasions and maintain unity. The Government makes laws to maintain law and order in the country. The laws are enforced to discipline the citizens and to maintain peace and harmony in the country. History has shown that dictators are firmly opposed to the grant of basic rights and liberties to the people. They want blind, unflinching obedience. That was Hitler’s technique in Nazi Germany and Mussolini’s technique in Italy. They thought that discipline was very necessary for nation to develop.
Discipline is the lifeline of the military departments. That armed forces follow a certain code of conduct. It demands loyalty to the country and to superior officers. It demands a spirit of fellowship and readiness to cope with an emergency. It is the duty of a solider to obey the orders of his commander. No army can put up a brave front against the enemy if it lacks discipline.
Discipline is very important in the social and political life of a nation. In many government offices, one can see that work is done in an irresponsible manner. Things will improve if the employees do their duty with dedication. This will happen if impose self-discipline.
People create chaos in public places by their undisciplined behavior. They show lack of order and manners while boarding buses and trains. Eve-teasing is another example of irresponsible behavior on the part of our youth. The rising crime graph in the country is due to the lack of discipline.
Members of political parties should follow a certain code of ethics. They should always act in a disciplined manner. In the past, leaders fought for freedom and now our leaders have the freedom to fight among themselves. The common man has started losing faith in political parties and the system. Steps should be taken to improve its image.
Without discipline there can be no scientific advances, no industrial or technological achievement, and no settled system of law, no exploration and no development. Discipline is essential for personal growth and national prosperity. Absence of it can lead to failure, defeat and backwardness. Respect of parents, teachers and elders should be given importance. Honesty and integrity and doing a duty with devotion and dedication should be stressed. There should be a spirit of harmony, co-operation and mutual respect co-existent among fellow human beings. All should follow the rules and regulations laid by law. Discipline means full realization of the sense of responsibility. This will bring progress and prosperity in the society and the nation.


(Height & Distance)

1. 20 ld6/ 6f9f /x]sf] 3/sf] 5taf6 50 ld6/ b'/Ldf /x]sf] Pp6f dlGb/sf] 6'Kkf] x]bf{ pGgtf+z sf]0f 300 kfP5 eg] 3/sf] prfO kQf nufpg'xf];\ . -pQ/ M 48.36 ld6/_
2. hldgdf 450 sf]0f agfO{ rª\uf pl8/x]sf] a]nf rª\ufdf 50 ld6/sf] wfuf] lyof] eg] rª\uf hldgaf6 slt ld6/ dfly xf]nf < -pQ/ M 35.46 ld6/_
3. 10 ld6/ cUnf] vDafsf] 6'Kkf]af6 20 ld6/ 6f9f /x]sf] 30 ld6/ cUnf] vDafsf] 6'Kkf]df x]bf{ aGg] pGgtf+z sf]0f kQf nufpg'xf];\ . - pQ/ M 450_
4. 36 ld6/ cUnf] ¿v km]bb]lv s]xL ld6/ dflyaf6 ef“lrP/ ¿vsf] 6'Kkf]n] km]bb]lv s]xL 6f9f 300 sf] pGgtf+z sf]0f agfPsf] 5 eg], km]b / ¿vsf] 6'Kkf] slt 6f9f lyof] / km]baf6 slt ld6/ dfly ¿v ef“lrPsf] lyof] < -pQ/ M 20.78 ld6/ / 12 ld6/_
5. 1.6m cUnf] dflg;n] 21.6m 6f9f /x]sf] prfOsf] 3/sf] 6'Kkf] x]bf{ aGg] pGgtf+z sf]0f kQf nufpg'xf];\ . -pQ/ M 300_
6. 2m cUnf] 3/sf] 5taf6 3/eGbf 10m 6f9f /x]sf] :tEdsf] 6'Kkf]df x]bf{ pGgtf+z sf]0f 450 kfOof] eg] :tDesf] prfO{ kQf nufpg'xf];\ . -pQ/ M 19m_
7. slt ld6/ cUnf] 3/sf] 5taf6 3/eGbf 12m k/sf] 15m cUnf] :tDesf] 6'Kkf]df x]bf{ pGgtf+z sf]0f 300 xf]nf <
-pQ/ M 8.06m_
8. 1.2m cUnf] s]6fn] 30m wfuf] 5f]8L rª\uf p8fp“bf lIflth /]vfdf 450 sf] sf]0f agfp“5 eg] rª\uf hldgaf6 slt dfly k'u]sf] xf]nf < -pQ/ M 22.4m_
9. Pp6f j[Qfsf/ kf]v/Lsf] Ps 5]pdf s;L Pshgf dflg;n] kf]v/Lsf] l7s lardf /x]sf] kfgLsf] ;txeGbf 5m cUnf] vDafsf] 6'Kkf] x]bf{ pGgtf+z sf]0f 600 kfP5 eg] pQm dflg; / vDafsf] b"/L kQf nufpg'xf];\ . -pQ/ M2.8_
10. 3.5m cw{Jof; ePsf] j[Qfsf/ kf]v/Lsf] Ps 5]pdf a;L Pshgf dflg;n] kf]v/Lsf] l7s lardf /x]sf] vDafsf] 6'Kkf] x]bf{ 450 kfP5 eg] kfgLsf] ;tx b]lvsf] vDafsf] prfO{ kQf nufpg'xf];\ . -pQ/ M 3.5m_
11. 2.8m cw{Jof; ePsf] j[Qfsf/ kf]v/Lsf] l7s lardf ufl8Psf] vDafsf] 6'Kkf]af6 kf]v/Lsf] Ps 5]pdf 8f]/L af“lwPsf] 5 . olb 8f]/Ln] kf]v/Lsf] kfgL;“u 600 sf] sf]0f agfPsf] 5 eg] 8f]/Lsf] nDafO{ lgsfNg'xf];\ . -pQ/ M 5.6m_
12. Pp6f j[Qfsf/ kf]v/Lsf] l7s lardf ufl8Psf] vDafsf] kfgLsf] ;txb]lv dflysf] prfO{ 10m 5 . olb vDafsf] 6'Kkf] / kf]v/Lsf] Ps 5]pdf 8f]/Ln] af“Wbf 8f]/Ln] kf]v/Lsf] kfgL;“u 450 sf] sf]0f agfP5 eg] 8f]/Lsf] nDafO{ lgsfNg'xf];\ . -pQ/ M _
13. 31.5m rf}8fO{ /x]sf] gbLsf] Ps lsgf/ aQL Pshgf dflg;n] kfl/kl§ lsgf/df /x]sf] Pp6f vDafsf] 6'Kkf] x]bf{450 sf] sf]0f agfp5 eg] vDafsf] prfO{ kQf nufpg'xf];\ . -pQ/ M 31.5m_
14. 25m rf}8fO{ ePsf] gbLsf] b'O{ lsgf/f dWo] Ps lsgf/fdf vDaf / csf]{ lsgf/fdf lsNnf ufl8Psf] 5 . olb vDafsf] 6'Kkf] b]lv lsnf;Dd 8f]/L af“Wbf 8f]/Ln] gbLdf 300 sf] sf]0f agfP5 eg] 8f]/Lsf] nDafO{ kQf nufpg'xf];\ . -pQ/ M 28.9m_
15. Pp6f vf]nfsf] Ps lsgf/df a;L Pshgf dflg;n] csf]{ lsgf/df /x]sf] vDafsf] 6'Kkf] x]bf{ pGgtf+z sf]0f 600 kfP5 . olb vDafsf] prfO{ 20m eP vf]nfsf] rf}8fO{ lgsfNg'xf];\ . -pQ/ M 11.56m_
Some other imp. Questions
1. Pp6f dlGb/sf] 6'Kkf]df 8f]/L af“w]/ dlGb/ b]lv 42 ld6/ 6f9f hldgsf] ;txdf tlGsg] u/L af“Wbf 8f]/Ln] hldgsf] ;txdf 600 sf] sf]0f agfPsf] 5 eg] 8f]/Lsf] nDafO{ / dlGb/sf] prfO{ slt xf]nf < pQ/ M 72.75 ld6/
2.12 ld6/ cUnf] 3/sf] 5taf6 7Ls cufl8 /x]sf] Pp6f :tDesf] 6'Kkf]df x]bf{ 600 sf] pGgtf+z sf]0f aGb5 . olb :tDesf] prfO 42 ld6/ eP 3/ / :tDeaLrsf] b'/L kQf nufpg'xf];\ . pQ/ = 17.32 ld6/
3. x'/Lsf] sf/0fn] Pp6f ¿v km]bb]lv s]xL dflyaf6 ef“lrP/ ?vsf] km]bb]lv 20 ld6/ 6f9f ¿vsf] 6'Kkf]n] 300 sf]0f agfof] eg] ¿vsf] ;'?sf] prfO slt ld6/ lyof] < pQ/ = 34.64 ld6/
4. 1.5m cUnf] Ps dflg;n] rª\uf p8fp“bf hldgaf6 21.5cm dfly rª\uf /x]sf] a]nfdf p;n] lIflth/]vf;“u 300 sf]0f agfp“5 eg] wfuf]sf] nDafO{ kQf nufpg'xf];\ . pQ/ = 40m
5. Pp6f j[Qfsf/ kf]v/Lsf] l7s lardf Pp6f vDaf ufl8Psf] 5 . Ps dflg;n] kf]v/Lsf] 5]pdf a;L vDafsf] 6'Kkf] x]bf{ pGgtf+z sf]0f 600 ag]5 . olb kfgLsf] ;txb]lv dflysf] vDafsf] prfO{ 6m eP kf]v/Lsf] cw{Jof; kQf nufpg'xf];\ . pQ/ M 3.4 m
6. gbLsf] Ps lsgf/df a;L Ps dflg;n] kf/Lkl§ /x]sf] csf]{ lsgf/df /x]sf] vDafsf] 6'Kkf] x]bf{ 300 sf] pGgtf+z sf]0f agfp“5 . olb gbLsf] rf}8fO{ 30m eP vDafsf] prfO{ kQf nufpg'xf];\ . pQ/ = 17.34m 
;DefJotf (Probability)
1 . Pp6f 8fO;nfO{ u'8fp“bf 8fO;sf] dflyNnf] ;txdf 3 cyjf hf]/ ;ª\Vof kg]{ ;DefJotf kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
2 . Pp6f l;Ssf / Pp6f 8fO;nfO{ Ps};fy pkmfbf{ l;Ssfdf T / 8fO;df ju{;ª\Vof cfpg] ;DefJotf kQfnufpg'xf];\ .
3 . Pp6f l;Ssf / Pp6f 8fO;nfO{ Ps};fy pkmfbf{ l;Ssfdf T / 8fO;df ?9;ª\Vof cfpg] ;DefJotf kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
4 . Pp6f l;Ssf / Pp6f 8fO;nfO{ Ps};fy pkmfbf{ l;Ssfdf H / 8fO;df 3 cfpg] ;DefJotf kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
5 . Pp6f 8fO;nfO{ u'8fp“bf 8fO;sf] dflyNnf] ;txdf ?9 ;ª\Vof jf hf]/ ;ª\Vof kg]{ ;DefJotf kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
6 . /fd|/L lkml6Psf] 52 kQL tf;sf] Kofs]6af6 gx]/Lsg Pp6f kQL y'Tbf pQm kQL ;'/tsf PSsf kg]{ ;Defjgf kQfnufpg'xf];\ .
7. 3 b]lv 30 ;Dd n]lvPsf ;ª\Vof kQLx¿af6 gx]/Lsg Pp6f ;ª\Vof kQL y'Tbf ;f] kQL ju{ ;ª\Vof jf 3g ;ª\Vof kQL kg]{ ;DefJotf lgsfNg'xf];\ . pQ/ M 3/14
8. 8 cf]6f xl/of] / 6 cf]6f lgnf] p:t} pq} anx¿ /flvPsf] emf]nfaf6 gx]/Lsg b'O{cf]6f anx¿ j|mdzM lgsfNbf b'j} anx¿ Pp6} /ª\usf kg]{ ;DefJotf slt xf]nf < pQ/ M 43/91
9. 52 kQLsf] Ps Kofs]6 tf;af6 s'g} Pp6f kQL y'Tbf afbzfx cyjf /fgL kg]{ ;DefJotf lgsfNg'xf];\ . pQ/M 1/16
10. 1 b]lv 25 ;Dd n]lvPsf] ;ª\VofkQLx?nfO{ /fd|/L lkm6]/ Pp6f kQL gx]/Lsg y'Tbf pQm kQL ju{ ;ª\Vof cyjf 3g ;ª\Vof kg]{ ;DefJotf kQfnufpg'xf];\ .
11 : /fd|/L lkml6Psf] 52 kQL tf;sf] Kofs]6nfO{ Pp6f tf;sf] kQL y'Tbf pQm kQL kfg jf sfnf] afbzfx kg]{ ;DefJotf kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
12. 3 b]lv 31 ;Dd n]lvPsf] ;ª\VofkQLx?nfO{ /fd|/L lkm6]/ gx]/Lsg Pp6f kQL y'Tbf pQm kQL ju{ ;ª\Vof jf ?9 ;ª\Vof ePsf] kQL kg]{ ;DefJotf kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
13. 4 b]lv 30 ;Dd n]lvPsf] ;ª\Vof kQLx? /fd|/L lkm6]/ gx]/Lsg Pp6f kQL y'Tbf pQm kQL 3g;ª\Vof jf 5 n] lgz]Mif efu hfg] ;ª\Vof kg]{ ;DefJotf kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
14 : /fd|/L lkml6Psf] 52 kQL tf;sf] Kofs]6af6 gx]/Lsg Pp6f kQL tf; y'Tbf pQm kQL /fhf cyjf PSsf kg]{ ;DefJotf kQfnufpg'xf];\ .
j[Iflrq
1. /fd|/L lkml6Psf] 52 kQL tf;sf] u8\8Laf6 b'O{ cf]6f tf;x? gx]/Lsg y'Tbf -k'gM g/fvL_ b'a} k6s O“6sf] kQL gkg]{ ;DefJotf j[Iflrq agfO{ kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
2. /fd|/L lkml6Psf] 52 kQL tf;sf] u8\8Laf6 b'O{ cf]6f tf;sf kQLx? gx]/Lsg lemSbf -k'gM g/fvL_ b'a} k6s cg'xf/ ePsf] kQLx? cfpg] ;DefJotfnfO{ j[Iflrq agfO{ kQfnufpg'xf];\ .
3. Pp6f an /ftf], Pp6f an ;]tf] / Pp6f an kx]“nf] ePsf] emf]nfaf6 b'O{cf]6f anx? lemSbf -k'gM g/fvL_ x'g] ;a} ;DefJotfnfO{ j[Iflrqdf b]vfpg'xf];\ .
4. 4 cf]6f lgnf / 8 cf]6f kx]“nf pq} / p:t} anx? ePsf] emf]nfaf6 b'O{cf]6f anx? gx]/Lsg lemSbf -k'gM g/fvL_ b'a} k6s lgnf] an cfpg] ;DefjgfnfO{ j[Iflrq agfO{ kQfnufpg'xf];\ .
5. 4 cf]6f xl/of / 7 cf]6f /ftf pq} / p:t} anx? ePsf] emf]nfaf6 gx]/Lsg b'O{cf]6f anx? -k'gM g/fvL_ lemSbf x'g] ;DefJotfnfO{ j[Iflrqdf b]vfO gd'gf If]q klg n]Vg'xf];\ .
6. 5 cf]7f /ftf / 4 cf]6f ;]tf pq} / p:t} anx? ePsf] emf]nfaf6 gx]/Lsg b'O{cf]6f anx? lemSbf -k'gM g/fvL_ x'g] ;DefjgfnfO{ j[Iflrqdf b]vfpg'xf];\ .
7= Pp6f a§fdf Pp6f sfnf], 2 cf]6f ;]tf / 3 cf]6f /ftf p:t} pq} k]lG;nx¿ /flvPsf 5g\ . k'gM g/fVg] u/L kfnf]kfnf] gx]/Lsg b'O{cf]6f k]lG;nx¿ lemSbf aGg] ;a} ;DefJotfx¿nfO{ j[If lrqdf k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .
8. rf/ rf/ jif{sf] cGt/df Pp6f bDktLaf6 hlGdPsf tLgcf]6f aRrfx¿sf] 5f]/f jf 5f]/L x'g] ;a} ;DefJotfx¿nfO{ j[If lrqdf k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .         



 (Sets)

1. Pp6f ;d'bfodf /x]sf s]xL JolStx¿nfO{ ;f]lwPsf] Pp6f k|Zgdf lrof lkpg dgk/fpg] 54 hgf, skmL lkpg dgk/fpg] 37 hgf, b'j} lrh lkpg dgk/fpg] 18 hgf / b'j} dggk/fpg] 27 hgf kfOof] eg], (i) hDdf slt JolStnfO{ of] k|Zg ;f]lwPsf] lyof] < (ii) lrofdfq lkpg dgk/fpg] slt lyP < (iii) k|fKt glthfnfO{ e]g lrqdf ;d]t k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .
2. 91 hgf ljBfyL{x¿sf] Pp6f ;d"xdf ;f]lwPsf] Pp6f k|Zgdf, ul0ft ljifo dgk/fpg] 40 hgf, lj1fg ljifo dgk/fpg] 45 hgf, cª\u|]hL ljifo dgk/fpg] 30 hgf, ul0ft / lj1fg dgk/fpg] 14 hgf, lj1fg / cª\u|]hL dgk/fpg] 12 hgf, ul0ft / cª\u|]hL dgk/fpg] 8 hgf / tLg} ljifo dgk/fpg] 3 hgf hgf kfOP eg], e]g lrq agfO{ tLgcf]6}dWo] s'g} klg ljifo dggk/fpg] ljBfyL{ ;ª\Vof kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
3. Pp6f ;d"xdf ul/Psf] ;j]{If0fdf 50% n] :ofp dgk/fpg] / 70% n] ;'Gtnf dgk/fpg] atfP . olb 5% n] tL b'O{ dWo] s'g} klg dg gk/fpg] atfP eg] (i) dflysf] tYonfO{ e]g lrqdf k|:t't ug'{xf];\ . (ii) olb Tof] ;d"xsf 60 hgfn] b'j} dgk/fpg] atfP eg] pQm ;j]{If0fdf slthgfn] efu lnPsf /x]5g\ < kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
4 . s'g} ljBfnosf 575 ljBfyL{nfO{ ;f]lwPsf] k|Zgdf xflh/L hjfkm dfq dgk/fpg] eGbf jfbljjfb k|ltof]lutf dfq dgk/fpg] ljBfyL{ bf]Aa/ /x]5g\ . olb b'j} k|ltof]lutf dgk/fpg] 30 hgf / s'g} klg k|ltof]lutf dggk/fpg] 20 hgf /x]5 eg] (i) xflh/L hjfkm k|ltof]lutf dg k/fpg]sf] ;ª\Vof kQf nufpg'xf];\ . (ii) jfbljjfb dfq dgk/fpg] ljBfyL{ ;ª\Vof kQf nufpg'x];\ . (iii) pQm tYonfO{ eg] lrqdf k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .
5. Pp6f ;d"xdf /x]sf s]xL dflg;x¿nfO{ ;f]lwPsf] Pp6f k|Zgdf bf]xf]/L uLt ;'Gg dgk/fpg] 145 hgf, nf]suLt ;'Gg dgk/fpg] 115 hgf, b'j} vfnsf uLt ;'Gg dgk/fpg] 40 hgf / 30 hgfn] b'j} vfnsf] uLt ;'Gg dggk/fpg] kfOof] eg], (i) hDdf slt dflg;nfO{ of] k|Zg ;f]lwPsf] lyof] < (ii) bf]xf]/L uLt dfq ;'Gg dgk/fpg] slt lyP < (iii) k|fKt glthfnfO{ e]g lrqdf k|:t't ug'{xf];\ . pQ/ M 250, 105
6. g]kfndf cfPsf 200 hgf ko{6sx¿nfO{ eStk'/ / nlntk'/ 3'dfO;s]kl5 ;f]lwPsf] k|Zgdf eStk'/ dg kg]{ 145 hgf, nlntk'/ dg kg]{ 80 hgf, b'j} 7fp“df dggk/fpg] 20 hgf dfq kfOP eg], (i) b'j} 7fp“ dgk/fpg] slt hgf lyP < (ii) eQmk'/ dfq dgk/fpg] slt hgf lyP < (iii) nlntk'/ dfq dgk/fpg] slt hgf lyP < (iv) k|fKt glthfnfO{ e]g lrqdf ;d]t b]vfpg'xf];\ . pQ/ M 45, 100, 35
7. Pp6f k/LIffdf 70% ljBfyL{x¿ lj1fgdf pQL0f{, 75% ljBfyL{x¿ ul0ftdf / 5% ljBfyL{x¿ b'j} ljifodf cg'QL0f{ eP5g\ . olb 220 hgf ljBfyL{x¿ b'j} ljifodf pQL0f{ eP5g\ eg], (i) lbOPsf] hfgsf/LnfO{ e]glrqdf k|:t't ug'{xf];\ . (ii) hDdf k/LIffyL{sf] ;ª\Vof kQfnufpg'xf];\ .
pQ/ M 440 hgf
8. 80 hgf dflg;x¿ ePsf] Pp6f ;d"xdf sf]s / km]G6f dgk/fpg] dflg;x¿sf] cg'kft 3:4 5 . olb 24 hgfn] b'j} y/L k]o kbfy{ dgk/fp“5g\ / 6 hgfn] b'O{dWo] s'g} klg k]okbfy{ dgk/fp“b}gg\ eg] e]g lrq agfO lgDglnlvt ;ª\Vofx¿ kQfnufpg'xf];\ . (i) sf]s dgk/fpg] dflg;x¿sf] ;ª\Vof (ii) km]G6fdfq dgk/fpg] dflg;x¿sf] ;ª\Vof pQ/ M (i) 42 hgf (ii) 32 hgf
9. Pp6f ;d'bfodf /x]sf 1000 kl/jf/df u/]sf] ;j]{If0fdf vfgf ksfpg] OGwgsf ¿kdf ;a}n] s'g} g s'g} Pp6f dfWod k|of]u ubf{ 450 kl/jf/n] bfp/f, 370 kl/jf/n] d6\6Lt]n, 300 kl/jf/n] Uof;, 50 kl/jf/n] bfp/f / d6\6Lt]n dfq, 30 kl/jf/n] Uof; / bfp/f dfq, 45 kl/jf/n] d6\6Lt]n / Uof; dfq k|of]u ubf{ /x]5g\ eg], e]g lrq agfO{ lgDglnlvt k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M(i) slt kl/jf/n] tLgcf]6} dfWod k|of]u ubf{ /x]5g\ < (ii) slt kl/jf/n] bfp/f dfq k|of]u ubf{ /x]5g\ < (iii) slt kl/jf/n] Uof; dfq k|of]u ubf{ /x]5g\ <
(iv) slt kl/jf/n] d6\6Lt]n dfq k|of]u ubf{ /x]5g\ < pQ/ M 5, 375, 230, 280
10. s'g} ;j]{If0fdf 50% dflg;n] lrof / 65% dflg;n] b"w dgk/fpg] atfP . olb 5% n] s'g} klg dg gkg]{ atfP / 15 hgfn] b'j} lkpg dgk/fpg] atfP eg] (i) pQm tYox¿nfO{ e]g lrqdf b]vfpg'xf];\ . (ii) hDdf slthgfn] ;j]{If0fdf efu lnPsf /x]5g\ . -pQ/ M 75_
11. Pp6f ;j]{If0f 35% n] ;ª\uLt / 75% n] v]ns'b dg kg]{ atfP . olb 10% n] b'O{ dWo] s'g} klg dggk/fpg] atfP eg] (i) pQm tYox¿nfO{ e]g lrqdf k|:t't ug'{xf];\ . (ii) olb ;ª\uLtdfq dgk/fpg] 150 eP hDdf slt hgfnfO{ ;j]{If0f ul/Psf] lyof] <-pQ/ M 1000_
12. 750 ljBfyL{nfO{ ;f]lwPsf] Ps k|Zgdf 450 hgfn] km'6an / 300 hgfn] elnan dgk/fpg] atfP . olb 40 hgfn] s'g} klg dggk/fpg] atfP eg] (i) pQm tYox¿nfO{ e]g lrqdf b]vfpg'xf];\ . (ii) b'j} v]n dgk/fpg] slthgf xf]nfg\ < (iii) km'6an dfq dgk/fpg] slthgf xf]nfg\ <
 -pQ/ M 40, 410_
13. 500 s[ifsnfO{ ul/Psf] ;j]{If0fdf 350 hgfn] cfn' / 250 hgfn] Kofh /f]Kg] atfP . olb 75 hgfn] b'j} g/f]Kg] atfP eg] (i) pQm tYox¿nfO{ e]g lrqdf b]vfpg'xf];\ . (ii) b'j} dgk/fpg] slt lyP < (iii) Kofh dfq} /f]Kg dgk/fpg] slt xf]nfg\ < -pQ/ M 175, 75_
14. 150 hgfnfO{ ;f]lwPsf] Ps k|Zgdf cª\u|]hL uLt dfq eGbf g]kfnL uLt dfq dgk/fpg] ;ª\Vof bf]Aa/ /x]5 . olb b'j} y/Lsf uLt dgk/fpg] 20 hgf / b'j} dggk/fpg] 10 hgf eP (i) cª\u|]hL uLt dfq dgk/fpg] slt xf]nfg\ < (ii) g]kfnL uLt dg k/fpg] slt xf]nfg\ <
(iii) lbOPsf tYox¿nfO{ e]g lrqdf b]vfpg'xf];\ . -pQ/ M 30, 110_
15. 300 ljBfyL{nfO{ ul/Psf] Ps ;j]{If0fdf kf]v/fdfq 3'Dg dgk/fpg] ljBfyL{ ;ª\Vof lrtjg dfq 3'g dgk/fpg] ljBfyL{ eGbf bf]Aa/ /x]5 . olb b'j} :yfg 3'Dg dggk/fpg] 10 hgf / b'j} :yfg 3'Dg dgk/fpg] 20 hgf lyP eg] (i) lrtjg 3'Dg dgk/fpg] slt lyP xf]nfg\ <
(ii) kf]v/f 3'Dg dgk/fpg] slt xf]nfg\ < (iii) pQm tYox¿nfO{ e]g lrqdf b]vfpg'xf];\ -pQ/ M 115, 200_
P; Pn ;L k|Zgx?
1. Pp6f ljBfnosf 900 hgf ljBfyL{x?dfem ul/Psf] Ps ;j]{If0fdf lrof dg k/fpg] 600 hgf, skmL dg k/fpg] 500 hgf / b'a} k]o kbfy{ dg gk/fpg] 125 hgf kfOof] eg]  (i) dflysf] tYonfO{ e]g lrqdf k|:t't ug'{xf];\ . (ii) b'j} dgk/fpg] slt lyP < (iii) lrof  dfq} dg gk/fpg] slt xf]nfg\ <

2. 60 hgf laBfyL{x? ePsf] Pp6f sIffdf 15 hgfn] ul0ft dfq dg k/fP, 20 hgfn] c+u|hL dfq dg k/fP / 5 hgfn] s'g} klg ljifo dg k/fPgg\ eg]   (i) dflysf] tYonfO{ e]g lrqdf k|:t't ug'{xf];\ . (ii) b'j} dgk/fpg] slt lyP < (iii) slDtdf Ps ljifo dg k/fpg] ljBfyL{sf] ;+Vof kQf nufpg'xf];\ .

3.  Pp6f ljBfnodf /x]sf 450 hgf ljBfly{x?sf] ;j{]If0fdf lgDglnlvt tYox? kfOof] , h;df 250 hgfn] ;'Gtnf dg k/fpFbf /x]5g . 280 hgfn] :ofp dg k/fpFbf /x]5g .  40 hgfn] b'j} kmn dgk/fpFb}gg\ eg]  (i) b'j} kmn dg k/fpg] ljBfly{sf] ;+Vof ktf nufpg'xf];\ .  (ii) ;'Gtnf dfq vfg dg k/fpg] ljBfly{sf] ;+Vof kQf nufpg'xf];\ .  (iii) pQm tYonfO{ e]glrqdf k|:t't ug'{[xf];\ .

4.  kl/Iffdf ;lDdlnt ePsf 120 ljBflYf{x? dWo] ul0ftdf dfq ptL{0f x'g]sf] ;+Vof lj1fgdf dfq ptL{0f x'g]sf] ;+Vof eGbf bf]Aa/ 5 . olb 50 ljBfyL{x? b'a} ljifodf ptL{0f eP / 40 ljBfyL{ b'a} ljifodf cg'tL{0f eP eg]  (i) ul0ftdf ptL{0f x'g] ljBfly{sf] ;+Vof ktf nufpg'xf];\ . (ii)lj1fgdf ptL{0f x'g] ljBfyL{sf] ;+Vof kQf nufpg'xf]; . (iii) k|fKt glthfnfO{ e]glrqdf k|:t't ug{'xf];\ . 

 5.  Pp6f sIffdf /x]sf 120 ljBfyL{x?dWo] 95 hgfn] n]vf ljifo dg k/fpF5g, 80hgfn] hLJf lj1fg dg k/fpF5g . olb ptm ;d'xdf s'g}klg ljifo dg gk/fpg] ljBfly{ 5}gg\ eg] , (i) n]vf ljifo dfq dg k/fpg] ljBfyL{ ;+Vof ktf nufpg'xf];\ .
 (ii) lhjlj1fg dfq dg k/fpg] ljBfyL{sf] ;+Vof kQf nufpg'xf];\ .  (iii)ptm tYonfO{ e]glrqdf b]vfpg'xf];\ .

6.  Pp6f ;d'xdf ul/Psf] ;j]{If0fdf 40+++% dflg;x?n] ;flxTo dg k/fPsf] , 65% n] ;ª\uLt dg k/fPsf] / 10% n] lt b'a} dWo] s'g} klg dg gk/fO{Psf] kfO{of] eg]  (i)dflysf] tYonfO{ e]glrqdf b]vfpg'xf];\ .  (ii) olb Tof] ;d'xaf6 30 hgfn] ;flxTo / ;+lut b'a} dg k/fpg] kfO{of] eg] ptm ;j]{If0fdf slt hgfn] efu lnPsf lyP < kQf nufpg'xf];\ .

7.  350 hgf ljBfyL{ ePsf] Pp6f ljBfnodf ;j]{If0f ubf{ 200 hgfn] kf]v/f dg k/fP , 220 hgfn] lrtjg dg k/fP / 120 hgfn] b'j} 7fFp dg k/fPsf] kfO{of] eg]
(i) dflysf] tYonfO{ e]glrqdf b]vfpg'xf];\ .  (ii) b'j} 7fpF dg gk/fpg] ljBfyL{ ;+Vof kQf nufpg'xf];\ .  

;do / sfo{
1. s'g} sfd k"/f ug{ nvgnfO{ 16 lbg / ;f]xL sfd /xdfgnfO{ 24 lbg nfUb5 . nvgn] 4 lbg / /xdfgn] 8 lbg;Dd PSn} PSn} u/]/ 5f]8]sf] sfd b'j} ldn]/ k"/f ug{ slt lbg nfUnf <                                  pQ/ M 4 lbgdf
2. ;'bLk / ;GbLkn] s'g} Pp6f sfd j|mdzM 18 / 12 lbgdf k"/f ug{ ;Sb5g\ b'j}n] ;“u} sfd u/]sf] s]xL lbgkl5 ;GbLkn] 5f]8\b5 / af“sL /x]sf] sfd ;'bLk PSn}n] 6 lbgdf k"/f ub{5 eg], b'j}n] slt lbg;Dd ;“u} sfd u/]sf lyP <     pQ/ M
3 . A, B / C n] s'g} sfd qmdzM 30, 40 / 60 lbgdf k"/f ug{ ;Sb5g\ . tLg}hgf ldn]/ 10 lbg sfd u/]kl5 B n] 5f]8\of] . olb A n] sfd ;lsg'eGbf 3 lbgcl3 5f]8]5 / af“sL sfd C n] k"/f ub{5 eg] C n] hDdf slt lbg sfd u¥of] <     pQ/ M 17 lbg
4. Pp6f 7]s]bf/n] s'g} Pp6f sfd 30 lbgdf k"/f ug]{ u/L 7]Ssf lnP5g\ . ;f] sfddf nufOPsf 120 sfdbf/n] sfd 10 lbgdf k"/f u/]5g eg] af“sL] sfd ;Sgsf lgldQ slt sfdbf/ yKbf ;f] sfd tf]lsPsf] cjwLdf ;lsof] xf]nf, lgsfNg'xf];\ .   pQ/ M 60 sfdbf/
5. A / B ldn]/ Pp6f sfd 24 lbgdf k"/f ug{ ;S5g\ . olb A n] 2 lbgdf ug{ ;Sg] sfd B n] 3 lbgdf ug{ ;Sb5 eg], k|To]sn] 5'§f5'§} sfd ubf{ sltslt lbgdf k"/f ug{ ;S5g\ <     pQ/ M A nfO{ 40 lbg, B nfO{ 60 lbg
6. k|df]b / ljgon] s'g} Pp6f sfd j|mdzM 36 / 48 lbgdf k"/f ub{5g\ . s]xL lbg;Dd ;“u} sfd u/]kl5 k|df]bn] 5f]8\5 / af“sL sfd ljgon] 12 lbgdf k"/f ub{5 eg] tL b'O{n] slt lbg;Dd ;“u} sfd u/]sf lyP <     pQ/ M 15 3lbg
7. P, Q / R n] s'g} Pp6f sfd j|mdzM 18, 24 / 30 lbgdf k"/f ug{ ;Sb5g\ . tLg} hgf ldn]/ sfd u/]sf] 6 lbgkl5 P n] 5f8\5 eg] af“sL /x]sf] sfd Q / R n] ldn]/ k"/f ug{ slt lbg nufpnfg kQf nufpg'xf];\ .    pQ/ M 2 lbg
8. A n] s'g} sfdsf] efu 16 lbgdf u/]kl5 p;nfO{ ;3fpg B cfp“5 / b'j} ldnL 5 lbg;Dd sfd u/]kl5 B n] 5f]8\5 . olb A PSn}nfO{ af“sL sfd ug{ c? yk 9 lbg nfUb5 eg] B PSn}nfO{ ;f] sfd k"/f ug{ slt lbg nfUnf <  pQ/ M 20 lbg
9. A / B n] Pp6f sfd qmdzM 20 / 30 lbgdf ug{ ;S5g\ . s]xL lbg ldn]/ sfd u/]kl5 A n] 5f]8\5 / B n] af“sL sfd c? 10 lbgdf k"/f u5{ eg] b'j} ldnL slt lbg;Dd sfd u/] <             -pQ/ M 8 lbg_
10. sL/0fn] eGbf s'df/n] bf]Aa/ sfd ug{ ;S5 . olb b'j} ldnL ;f] sfd l;Wofpg 24 lbg nfU5 eg] k|To]snfO{ slt slt lbg nfUnf <
 -pQ/ M 36 lbg, 72 lbg_
11. A, B / C n] s'g} sfd qmdzM 20, 30 / 40 lbgdf k"/f ug{ ;S5g\ . ltgLx¿ ;a} ldn]/ sfd ;'? u/]sf] 6 lbgkl5 C n] 5f]8]5 eg] af“sL /x]sf] sfd A / B ldn]/ k"/f ug{ slt lbg nfUnf <                                                                   -pQ/ M         lbg_
12. cl;d / ljgo ldnL s'g} sfd 16 lbgdf k"/f ug{ ;S5g\ . cl;d PSn}n] ;f] sfd k"/f ug{ 24 lbg nufp“5 . olb b'j} ldnL 9 lbg;Dd ;f] sfd u/]kl5 cl;dn] sfd 5f]8\5 eg] af“sL sfd ug{ ljgonfO{ slt lbg nfUnf <         -pQ/ M 21 lbg_
16. P, Q / R  n] s'g} Pp6f sfd j|mdzM 18,  24  / 30  lbgdf k"/f ug{ ;Sb5g\ . tLg} hgf ldn]/ sfd u/]sf] 6 lbgkl5 P n] 5f8\5 eg] af“sL /x]sf] sfd Q / R n] ldn]/ k"/f ug{ slt lbg nufpnfg kQf nufpg'xf];\ .                                                 
17. t]lGhªn] s'g} 1 sfd 18 lbgdf / ;f]xL sfd /fdnvgn] 24 lbgdf k"/f ub{5 . b'j}n] ldn]/ 6 lbg;Dd sfd u/]kl5 t]lGhªn] 5f]8\5 / af“sL sfd /fdnvgn] k"/f ub{5 eg], ;f] sfd hDdf slt lbgdf ;lsof], kQf nufpg'xf];\ .    pQ/ M 16 lbg


rqmLo Aofh, hg;ª\Vof j[l4 / ld>x|f;

-v_   nfdf] pQ/ cfpg] k|Zgx¿
1.      ?= 7,500 sf] 2 jif{df 8% Aofh b/df x'g], (i) ;fwf/0f Aofh lgsfNg'xf];\ . (ii) cw{jflif{s / jflif{s rqmLo Aofhsf] cGt/ kQf nufpg'xf];\ .                                                                                                                    pQ/M?=1,200, ?= 25.94
2.      s'g} /sdsf] 2 jif{ kl5 rqmLo Aofh / ;fwf/0f Aofhsf] cGt/ 20% sf b/n] ?= 180 x'G5 eg] d"n wg kQf nufpg'xf];\ .         
                                                                                                               
pQ/ M ?= 4500
3.      s'g} /sdsf] jflif{s rqmLo Aofhcg';f/ 2 / 3 jif{df ld>wg j|mdzM ?= 8,748 /  ?= 9,447.84 k'Ub5 eg] d"n wg / Aofh b/ kQf nufpg'xf];\ .                                                                                                             pQ/ M ?= 7,500 / 8%
4.      s'g} /sdsf] cw{jflif{s rqmLo Aofh / jflif{s rqmLo Aofhsf] cGt/ ?= 550.62 5 . olb cjlw 2 jif{ / Aofh b/ 10% eP d"nwg slt xf]nf <                                                                                                            pQ/ M ?= 100000
5.      jflif{s rqmLo Aofhcg';f/ s'g} /sdsf] 1  jif{sf] Aofh ?= 1,200 / bf];|f] jif{sf] dfq Aofh ?= 1344 eP Aofh b/ / d"nwg kQf nufpg'xf];\ .                                                                                                             pQ/ M 12% / ?= 10000
6.    s'g} /sdsf] 2 jif{df jflif{s rqmLo Aofh / ;fwf/0f Aofhsf] cGt/ 12% sf b/n] ?= 288 x'G5 eg] d"n wg kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
                                                                                                                   
pQ/ M?=20,000
7.     s'g} /sd jflif{s rqmLo Aofhcg';f/ 2 / 3 jif{df ld>wg j|mdzM ?= 29,160 / ?= 31,492.80  x'G5 eg] d"n wg / Aofhb/ kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
                                                                                                                   pQ/ M?=20,000
8.    s'g} /sd jflif{s rqmLo Aofhcg';f/ 2 / 3 jif{df ld>wg j|mdzM ?= 29,160 / ?= 31,492.80  x'G5 eg] d"n wg / Aofhb/ kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
                                                                                                                   
pQ/ M?= 25,000  / 8 %
9.    jflif{s rlqmo Aofhcg';f/ s'g} /sdsf] 1 jif{sf] Aofh ?= 300 / bf];|f] jif{sf] dfq Aofh ?= 318 x'G5 eg] d"n wg / Aofh b/ kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
                                                                                                                   
pQ/ M?= 5,000 / Aofh b/ 6%
10.    s'g} /sdsf] 5% sf b/n] 2 jif{kl5 kfpg] rj|mLo Aofh plQs} ;dokl5 plQs} b/n] kfpg] ;fwf/0f Aofh eGbf ?= 400 n] a9L x'G5 eg] ;f]      /sd kQf nufpg'xf];\ .                                                                                      pQ/ M ?= 1,60,000
11.    jflif{s 6% Aofh b/n] 2 jif{df s'g} wgsf] jflif{s Aofh / cw{jflif{s Aofhsf] cGt/ ?= 824.32 eP ;f] wg kQf nufpg'xf];\ .pQ/ M ?=    10,000
12. Ps Jofkf/Ln] 6% ;fwf/0f Aofhdf s]xL /sd C0fafkt lnP5 / t'?Gt} 8% rj|mLo Aofhdf nufgL u/]5 . 3 jif{ kl5 p;nfO{ ?= 956.54 gfkmf eP5 eg] p;n] slt ?k}of“ C0f lnPsf] /x]5 <                                                                       pQ/ M 12,000
13. Pp6f ufpFsf] hg;ª\Vof 2065 ;fndf 25,000 lyof] . olb hg;ª\Vof j[l4b/ k|lt xhf/df 40 5 eg] 2067 ;fndf slt xf]nf <pQ/ M 27040 cf]6f
14. Pp6f pBf]usf] ;]o/ 3 jif{ ;Dd k|lt jif{ 10% sf b/n] ld>x|f; eof] . olb ;]o/x¿ a]r]/ ?= 7,290 k|fKt ul/of] eg] ?= 100 kg]{ slt ;]o/x¿ a]lrP <        pQ/ M 100 cf]6f

-s_   5f]6f] pQ/ cfpg] k|Zgx¿
1.      ?= 8,000 sf] 2 jif{df 6% sf b/n] aflif{s rqmLo Aofh cg';f/ ld>wg slt xf]nf <          pQ/ M ?=8,988.80
2.      jflif{s rqmLo 5% Aofhb/df ?= 15,000 sf] ld>wg ?= 16,537.50 k'Ug slt jif{ nfUnf <            pQ/ M 2 jif{
3.      2 jif{df jflif{s rqmLo Aofhcg';f/ slt b/df ?= 8,000 sf] ?= 10,035.20 ld>wg  k'Unf <          pQ/ M 12%
4.      Pp6f zx/sf] jt{dfg hg;ª\Vof 15,000 5, ;f] ;ª\Vof k|To]s jif{ 4% j[l4 x'“b} uPdf 2 jif{sf] cGTodf pSt hg;ª\Vof slt k'Unf <        
        pQ/ M 16,224
5.      Pp6f uf=lj=;= sf] hg;ª\Vof k|To]s jif{ 2% sf b/n] j[l4 eO xfn 26,010 5 eg] 2 jif{ cl3 ;f] ;ª\Vof slt lyof] <
                                                                                                                   pQ/ M 25,000
6.      Pp6f df]6/;fOsn k|To]s jif{ 5% sf b/n] d"No x|f; x'“bf 2 jif{sf] cGTodf To;sf] d"No   ?= 86,640 k'Ub5 eg] ;'?df slt d"No sfod lyof] <                                                                                                            pQ/ M ?= 96,000
7.      ?= 25,00,000 df lsg]sf] sf/ 2 jif{sf] k|of]u kl5 ?= 22,09,000 df a]lrof] eg] jflif{s ldl>t x|f; b/ slt lyof] <  pQ/ M 6%
8.    5% jflif{s rqmLo Aofh b/df  slt jif{df ?= 5,000 sf] ld>wg ?= 5,512.50 k'Unf <                       jif{
9.    cd/fk'/Lsf] hg;ª\Vof k|To]s jif{ 2% j[l4 x'“b} hf“bf 2064 sf] cGTodf 10,404 k'u]sf] lyof] eg] 2062 sf] cGTodf slt lyof] <
       pQ/ M 10,000
10.  Pp6f sf/ ?= 12,00,000 df lsg]/ b'O{ jif{ k|of]u u/L ?= 11,05,920 df a]lrof] eg] ;f] sf] jflif{s ld>x|f; b/ slt lyof] < R = 4%
11.   5% jflif{s rj|mLo Aofh b/df slt jif{df ?= 58,640 sf] ld>wg ?= 67,883.13 k'Unf <                T = 3 jif{
12.   s'g} ;x/sf] hg;ª\Vof 150,000 5 . olb hg;ª\Vof j[l4b/ 2% / cGtaf6 a;fO ;/fO u/L cfPsf 4% sf b/n] hg;ª\Vof j[l4 x'“bf 2 jif{kl5 pQm 7fp“sf] hg;ª\Vof slt xf]nf <                                                                              pQ/ M 1,68,540
13.   cw{jflif{s rj|mLo Aofhsf] b/n] 8% Aofhb/df jif{df ?= 816 Aofh kfpg slt /sd hDdf ug'{knf{ <  pQ/ M ?=10,000
14.   ?= 5000 kg]{ /]l8of]sf] d"No x|f; s§L ubf{ 2 jif{kl5 pQm /]l8of]sf] d"No ?= 4512.5 eP d"No bx|f;sf] b/ kQf nufpg'xf];\ .   pQ/ M 5%

ju{ ;dLs/0f
1.            lbbL / alxgLsf] xfnsf] pd]/sf] of]ukmn 30 / u'0fgkmn 209 eP, tL b'O{ lbbLalxgLsf] jt{dfg pd]/ kQf nufpg'xf];\ .             -pQ/ M lbbL = 19 jif{, alxgL = 11 jif{_
2.            Pp6f cfotfsf/ au}“rfsf] If]qkmn 391 ju{ld6/ / kl/ldlt 80 ld6/ eP nDafO / rf}8fOsf] cGt/ kQf nufpg'xf];\ .             -pQ/ M 6 ld6/_
3.            cfdf / 5f]/Lsf] xfnsf] pd]/sf] u'0fgkmn 63 jif{ 5 . 5f]/L xfnsf] cfdfsf] pd]/ hlt k'Ubf, cfdf / 5f]/Lsf] pd]/sf] of]ukmn 60 k'Ug]5 eg], xfnsf] cfdf / 5f]/Lsf] pd]/ kQf  nufpg'xf];\ .                                                   -pQ/ M cfdf = 21 jif{, 5f]/L = 3 jif{_
4.            b'O{ cª\ssf] Pp6f ;ª\VofnfO{ To;sf cª\sx¿sf] of]ukmnn] efu ubf{ 7 x'G5, Tof] ;ª\Vofsf] cª\sx¿sf] u'0fgkmn 18 5 eg], Tof] ;ª\Vof kQf nufpg'xf];\ .               -pQ/ M 63_
5.            Pp6f ;dsf]0f lqe'hsf] s0f{ nDa eGbf 1 ;]=ld= / cfwf/ eGbf 18 ;]=ld= a9L 5 eg] ;f] lqe'hsf] tLgcf]6} e'hfx¿sf] gfk kQf nufpg'xf];\ .      -pQ/ M 25 ;]=ld=, 24 ;]=ld= / 7 ;]=ld=_
6.            6 jif{ cl3 Pshgf dflg;sf] pd]/ p;sf] 5f]/fsf] pd]/ eGbf 6 u'0ff a9L lyof] . xfnsf] afa' / 5f]/fsf] pd]/sf] u'0fgkmn 396 5 eg] ltgLx¿sf] xfnsf] pd]/ sltslt xf]nf <                                                                            -pQ/ M 36 jif{ / 11 jif{_
7.            b'O{ bfh' / efOsf] xfnsf] pd]/sf] cGt/ 6 jif{ / pgLx¿sf] pd]/sf] u'0fgkmn 216 x'G5 eg] tL b'O{sf] xfnsf] pd]/ kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
8.            Pp6f cfoftsf/ rp/sf] kl/ldlt 60 ld6/ / If]qkmn 221 ju{ld6/ eP ;f] rp/sf] nDafO / rf}8fO kQf nufpg'xf];\ .

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कार्यमूलक अनुसन्धान सम्बन्धि जानकारी र केही नमुनाहरु

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एक्सन रिसर्च  सन् १९०३ पश्चात् कार्यमूलक अनुसन्धानको प्रयोग शैक्षिक क्षेत्रमा सुरुआत भएको हो । अधिकांश शिक्षकहरु स्वयम्मा एक्सन प्लान, एक्सन रिसर्च, प्रोजेक्ट वर्क जस्ता टर्महरुमा अलमलमा परेको वा एकै प्रकारले व्याख्या गर्ने र बुझ्ने गरेको समेत पाइएको छ ।विशेषतः शिक्षण सिकाइ प्रक्रियाको सिलसिलामा शिक्षकले फेस गर्नुपरेका समस्याहरु समाधान गर्नका लागि कार्यमूलक अनुसन्धान गर्ने र उक्त अनुसन्धानबाट शिक्षण सिकाइमा आएको सुधारसहितको प्रतिवेदन प्रस्तुति एक महत्वपूर्ण शैक्षिक पक्षमा हामी शिक्षण पेसाकर्मीहरु जुटिरहेका छौं । शैक्षिक स्तरीयतामा अभिवृद्धि सहितको कक्षाकोठाको क्रियाकलापमा सहजता र सरलता स्थापना गर्दै दैनिक शैक्षिक क्रियाकलाप समस्यामूक्त बनाउने काम नै एक्सन रिसर्चको अभिष्ट हो । यो गरेर सिक्ने विधि हो । एक्सन रिसर्च के हो ? एक्सन रिसर्चको व्यापक परिभाषा र अर्थको सहजीकरण लामो र विस्तृत विषय हो । संक्षिप्तमा त पहिचान हुनु जरुरी छ नै । खासगरी शिक्षकद्वारा गरिने ...
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प्राबिधिक शिक्षा

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प्राबिधिक शिक्षा देश बिकासको आधार कुनै प्रविधिसँग सम्बन्धित भएर हासिल गरिने व्यावसायिक ज्ञानलाई प्राविधिक शिक्षा भनिन्छ । सामान्यतया शिक्षाको अर्थ ज्ञान आर्जन गर...
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कार्यमूलक अनुसन्धान प्रतिवेदन(Action Research Report)

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विद्यार्थीलाई नियमित गृहकार्य गराउन कसरी सकिएला भन्ने विषयमा गरिएको  कार्यमूलक अनुसन्धान प्रतिवेदन अनुसन्धानको पृष्ठभूमि ः   विद्यार्थीहरुमा शिक्षकले दिएको गृहकार्य सकेसम्म नगर्ने प्रवृत्ति प्रायः कक्षाहरुमा देखिन्छ । शिक्षकहरु जतिवेला पनि विद्यार्थीलाई अल्छि भए, दिएको काम कहिल्यै गर्दैनन् , घरमा कपी, किताब पल्टाउँदैनन् भनेर विद्यार्थीलाई दोष दिइरहेका हुन्छन् । तर विद्यार्थीलाई क्रियाकलापप्रति कति बनाउन सकिएको भन्ने कुरातर्फ ध्यान दिँदैनन् । मलाई हाम्रा विद्यालयहरुका विद्यार्थीले गृहकार्य कत्तिको गर्छन् । कम गर्छन वा बढी गर्छन् भनेर थाहापाउने प्रयत्न गरे तर धेरै शिक्षकका कक्षाहरुमा गृहकार्य कम गर्ने समस्या रहेको पाएँ । यसै कुरालाई अध्ययनको विषय विषय बनाएर अधिकांश विद्यार्थीहरु गृहकार्य किन गर्दैनन् यस कुराको बारेमा अनुसन्धान गर्ने चाहना बढ्यो र त्यसलाई नै कार्यमूलक अनुसन्धानको विषयवस्तु बनाएर अध्ययनको काम सुरु गरें ।   समस्याको पहिचान   मैले पढाउने विद्यालयको कक्षा ७ को अंग्रेजी सेक्सनमा जम्मा १९ जना विद्यार्थीहरु अध्ययनरत छन् । उक्त कक्षामा म दोश्रो ...
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